[Microsoft身份平台]Microsoft身份平台的应用程序类型

The Microsoft identity platform supports authentication for various modern app architectures, all of them based on industry-standard protocols OAuth 2.0 or OpenID Connect. This article describes the types of apps that you can build by using Microsoft identity platform, regardless of your preferred language or platform. The information is designed to help you understand high-level scenarios before you start working with the code in the application scenarios.

You must register each app that uses the Microsoft identity platform in the Microsoft Entra admin center App registrations. The app registration process collects and assigns these values for your app:

• An Application (client) ID that uniquely identifies your app
• A Redirect URI that you can use to direct responses back to your app
• A few other scenario-specific values such as supported account types

For details, learn how to register an app.

After the app is registered, the app communicates with the Microsoft identity platform by sending requests to the endpoint. We provide open-source frameworks and libraries that handle the details of these requests. You also have the option to implement the authentication logic yourself by creating requests to these endpoints:

https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/v2.0/authorize
https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/v2.0/token

The app types supported by the Microsoft identity platform are;

• Single-page app (SPA)
• Web app
• Web API
• Mobile and native apps
• Service, daemon, script

Many modern apps have a single-page app (SPA) front end written primarily in JavaScript, often with a framework like Angular, React, or Vue. The Microsoft identity platform supports these apps by using the OpenID Connect protocol for authentication and one of two types of authorization grants defined by OAuth 2.0. The supported grant types are either the OAuth 2.0 implicit grant flow or the more recent OAuth 2.0 authorization code + PKCE flow (see below).

The flow diagram demonstrates the OAuth 2.0 authorization code grant flow (with details around PKCE omitted), where the app receives a code from the Microsoft identity platform authorize endpoint, and redeems it for an access token and a refresh token using cross-site web requests. For SPAs, the access token is valid for 1 hour, and once expired, must request another code using the refresh token. In addition to the access token, an id_token that represents the signed-in user to the client application is typically also requested through the same flow and/or a separate OpenID Connect request (not shown here).

To see this in action, refer to the Quickstart: Sign in users in a single-page app (SPA) and call the Microsoft Graph API using JavaScript.

The OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow is now the recommended way to build SPAs to ensure compatibility of your app in Safari and other privacy-conscious browsers. Following the removal of third-party cookies and greater attention, the continued use of the implicit flow is not recommended.

For web apps (.NET, PHP, Java, Ruby, Python, Node) that the user accesses through a browser, you can use OpenID Connect for user sign-in. In OpenID Connect, the web app receives an ID token. An ID token is a security token that verifies the user's identity and provides information about the user in the form of claims:

// Partial raw ID token
abC1dEf2Ghi3jkL4mNo5Pqr6stU7vWx8Yza9...

// Partial content of a decoded ID token
{
    "name": "Casey Jensen",
    "email": "casey.jensen@onmicrosoft.com",
    "oid": "aaaaaaaa-0000-1111-2222-bbbbbbbbbbbb"
    ...
}

Further details of different types of tokens used in the Microsoft identity platform are available in the access token reference and id_token reference.

In web server apps, the sign-in authentication flow takes these high-level steps:

You can ensure the user's identity by validating the ID token with a public signing key that is received from the Microsoft identity platform. A session cookie is set, which can be used to identify the user on subsequent page requests.

Learn more by building an ASP.NET Core web app that signs in users in the following multi-part tutorial series

In addition to simple sign-in, a web server app might need to access another web service, such as a Representational State Transfer (REST) API. In this case, the web server app engages in a combined OpenID Connect and OAuth 2.0 flow, by using the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. For more information about this scenario, refer to our code sample.

You can use the Microsoft identity platform to secure web services, such as your app's RESTful web API. Web APIs can be implemented in numerous platforms and languages. They can also be implemented using HTTP Triggers in Azure Functions. Instead of ID tokens and session cookies, a web API uses an OAuth 2.0 access token to secure its data and to authenticate incoming requests.

The caller of a web API appends an access token in the authorization header of an HTTP request, like this:

GET /api/items HTTP/1.1
Host: www.mywebapi.com
Authorization: Bearer abC1dEf2Ghi3jkL4mNo5Pqr6stU7vWx8Yza9...
Accept: application/json
...

The web API uses the access token to verify the API caller's identity and to extract information about the caller from claims that are encoded in the access token. Further details of different types of tokens used in the Microsoft identity platform are available in the access token reference and ID token reference.

A web API can give users the power to opt in or opt out of specific functionality or data by exposing permissions, also known as scopes. For a calling app to acquire permission to a scope, the user must consent to the scope during a flow. The Microsoft identity platform asks the user for permission, and then records permissions in all access tokens that the web API receives. The web API validates the access tokens it receives on each call and performs authorization checks.

A web API can receive access tokens from all types of apps, including web server apps, desktop and mobile apps, single-page apps, server-side daemons, and even other web APIs. The high-level flow for a web API looks like this:

To learn how to secure a web API by using OAuth2 access tokens, check out the web API code samples in the protected web API tutorial.

In many cases, web APIs also need to make outbound requests to other downstream web APIs secured by Microsoft identity platform. To do so, web APIs can take advantage of the On-Behalf-Of (OBO) flow, which allows the web API to exchange an incoming access token for another access token to be used in outbound requests. For more info, see the Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 On-Behalf-Of flow.

Device-installed apps, such as mobile and desktop apps, often need to access back-end services or web APIs that store data and perform functions on behalf of a user. These apps can add sign-in and authorization to back-end services by using the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow.

In this flow, the app receives an authorization code from the Microsoft identity platform when the user signs in. The authorization code represents the app's permission to call back-end services on behalf of the user who is signed in. The app can exchange the authorization code in the background for an OAuth 2.0 access token and a refresh token. The app can use the access token to authenticate to web APIs in HTTP requests, and use the refresh token to get new access tokens when older access tokens expire.

Apps that have long-running processes or that operate without interaction with a user also need a way to access secured resources, such as web APIs. These apps can authenticate and get tokens by using the app's identity, rather than a user's delegated identity, with the OAuth 2.0 client credentials flow. You can prove the app's identity using a client secret or certificate. For more info, see .NET daemon console application using Microsoft identity platform.

In this flow, the app interacts directly with the /token endpoint to obtain access:

To build a daemon app, see the client credentials documentation, or try a .NET sample app.

Now that you're familiar with the types of applications supported by the Microsoft identity platform, learn more about OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect to gain an understanding of the protocol components used by the different scenarios.